A Nova face do unilateralismo norte-americanoseção 301, rivalidade geoeconômica e reconfiguração da pressão dos Estados Unidos sobre o Brasil

Resumo

This article analyzes the investigation launched in 2025 against Brazil under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 as a pivotal shift in the United States’ pattern of trade coercion. It contends that, unlike the disputes of the 1980s and 1990s – notably the cases involving information technology and pharmaceutical patents – or the more recent digital services tax episode, the 2025 initiative is less anchored in clearly defined sectoral grievances. Instead, it is increasingly driven by geopolitical objectives amidst intensifying Sino-US rivalry and the erosion of multilateralism. The article reconstructs the genesis of Section 301 within the context of the Bretton Woods crisis and the transition toward a “fair trade” agenda, highlighting its offensive role in market liberalization and the extraterritorial projection of regulatory standards. Subsequently, it demonstrates how the “Trumpism 2.0” agenda has expanded and diffused this instrument by synthesizing tariff threats, national security rhetoric, and a heterogeneous array of allegations – ranging from digital trade and the Pix system to ethanol, deforestation, and intellectual property. Ultimately, it is argued that this reconfiguration transforms Section 301 into a tool for political disciplining and the strategic realignment of Brazil within a transforming international order.

Ficha do documento

Tipo

Artigo científico

Ano

2025

Instituição

Ipea

Fonte

Repositório do Ipea

Idioma

Português

Acesso

Acesso aberto

DOI

10.38116/bepi43art1

Identificador

oai:repositorio.ipea.gov.br:11058/20772

Licença

Licença Comum

Abrangência

Brasil; Estados Unidos da América

Temas

Tecnologia

Palavras-chave

Cooperação Internacional. Relações InternacionaisSeção 301Sanções econômicasPolítica comercialEstados UnidosBrasilMultilateralismoF International Economics::F1 Trade::F13 Trade Policy - International Trade OrganizationsF International Economics::F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy::F51 International Conflicts - Negotiations - SanctionsF International Economics::F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy::F52 National Security - Economic NationalismF International Economics::F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy::F55 International Institutional ArrangementsK Law and Economics::K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law::K33 International LawSection 301Economic sanctionsTrade policyUnited StatesBrazilMultilateralism